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Freezing to Tanking: Challenges of the City Link
Driven Tunnels
Daniel N. Adams
Jacobs Associates,
San Francisco, California
Bruce Hutchison
Senior Geotechnical Engineer, ABM Savage River Mine,
Box 659, Tasmania, Australia
Clive Wilson
Wilson Pass, Inc., 14 Palm Springs Road,
Durban, South Africa

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Two three-lane highway tunnels, 700 and 2900 m long,
make up the driven tunnels portion of Melbourne City Link. Tunnel construction,
using design-construct delivery, commenced in May 1996. Construction required
excavation through varying rock conditions; temporary support included
ground freezing, pipe-spiling, steel sets, and rock bolts. Permanent support
for the tunnels required both drained and undrained tunnel cross sections
using unreinforced concrete. This paper reviews the construction methods,
and highlights some of the not-so-standard designs developed while construction
was underway.
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