Despite the best efforts of a contractor to minimize ground movements associated with underground construction, surface settlement is a constant concern when constructing subsurface transit systems in urban environments. While methods for prediction of settlement due to tunnel and cut-and-cover construction have been well established since the early 1970s, methods for mitigating settlement or protecting buildings from settlement have changed significantly in the United States over the last two decades. Tunnel excavation methods that minimize ground movement are being used with greater frequency, such as earth pressure balance (EPB) tunnel boring machines and construction aspects of the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM). Underpinning, traditionally an expensive and disruptive building protection method, has been largely supplanted by ground modification methods to mitigate settlement. Examples of ground modification for building protection include permeation grouting and compaction grouting, which came into widespread use in the 1980s, as wells as compensation grouting, which was first used in the United States in the 1990s. In addition, new, sophisticated instrumentation systems have been developed to monitor building movement with great accuracy in real time, thus allowing efficient and effective grouting efforts. Two examples of compensation grouting for settlement protection are reviewed: the Tren Urbano transit system in Puerto Rico, which used compensation grouting in conjunction with an automated building monitoring system; and the Eastside Light Rail Transit project in Los Angeles, which is planning to implement compensation grouting in a phased payment approach.